Basics of Science & Technology
Important Days
June
- World Environment Day – June 5 – Theme: Beat Plastic Pollution.
- World Oceans Day – June 8 – Theme: Sustaining What Sustains Us.
- World Day to Combat Desertification – June 17 – Theme: Restore the land.
- World Refugee Day – June 20 – Theme: Solidarity with Refugees.
- International Yoga Day – June 21 – Theme: Yoga for One Earth, One Health; 11th IYD celebrated Visakhapatnam.
- International Olympic Day – June 23 – Theme: Let’s Move? campaign by IOC & WHO.
- Samvidhan Hatya Diwas – June 25 – Marking Emergency 1975.
July
- World Population Day – July 11, 2025 – Theme: Empowering young people.
- World Youth Skills Day – July 15, 2025 – Theme: Youth empowerment through AI & digital skills.
August
- National Handloom Day – Aug 7 – Theme: Weaving Innovation…
- National Javelin Day – Aug 7 – Neeraj Chopra
- International Youth Day – Aug 12 – Theme: Local Youth actions for SDGs.
- Partition Horrors Day – Aug 14
- UN Terrorism Victims Day – Aug 21
- National Space Day – Aug 23 – Theme: Aryabhatta to Gaganyaan.
- National Sports Day – Aug 29 – Theme: Ek Ghanta, Khel ke maidan main.
September
- Ayurveda Day – Sep 23 from 2025 – Theme: Ayurveda for People & Planet.
Science & Technology
Space & Astronomy
- Gaganyaan (G1): First uncrewed mission with half-humanoid Vyommitra.
- Ladakh Crops: Seabuckthorn, Tartary Buckwheat sent to ISS by NASA’s Crew-11 Mission.
- TRACERS Mission (NASA): Magnetic reconnection.
- GOSAT-GW (Japan): Greenhouse gases monitor.
- TOI-1846 b: New Super-Earth (NASA TESS).
- GW231123: Biggest black hole merger (LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA).
- Vera Rubin Observatory (Chile).
- Mini Planetarium, Astro Globe: Hanle Dark Sky Reserve, Ladakh.
- Polar Research Vehicle (PRV): India–Norway project, GRSE-led.
- Extreme Helium Star A980: Rare hydrogen-deficient star.
- Quantum Communication: DRDO & IIT Delhi achieved 1 km free-space entanglement.
- Wendelstein 7-X (Germany): Sustained fusion plasma 43 sec.
- Xinghuo (China): World’s first fusion-fission hybrid reactor.
AI, Digital & Tech Innovations
- BioEmu-1 (Microsoft): Protein structure AI.
- AlphaGenome (Google DeepMind): Nutrition & genetics.
- AI TB model: Tamil Nadu.
- AI Mosquito Control: Andhra Pradesh.
- CROPIC: AI crop health (PMFBY).
- Kalaa Setu Challenge: AI text-to-video/graphics.
- MoScNet AI: Decoded Modi Script (IIT Roorkee).
- Bharat Gen: India’s first multilingual AI LLM (IIT Bombay).
- Kruti: India’s first agentic AI (Krutrim).
- AI RAM Initiative: UNESCO South Asia & IndiaAI policy.
Health, Medicine & Biology
- AdFalciVax: India’s 1st malaria vaccine (ICMR).
- Coartem: World’s first malaria drug for infants (Novartis – Switzerland).
- Glowing Paper Sensor (IISc Bengaluru): Liver cancer.
- Kerala’s first Skin Bank: Thiruvananthapuram; Cy-TB test.
- CRIB: New blood antigen (Bengaluru).
- Senegal: Trachoma-free (WHO).
- SPArc Therapy: New proton cancer radiation therapy (US).
National Initiatives & Projects
- National Biobank: Delhi (Jitendra Singh).
- Genome Sequencing Project: Gujarat.
- Synthetic Human Genome Project (UK).
- BHARAT Project: Ageing study (IISc India).
- ICAR-NIHSAD, Bhopal: Rinderpest Holding Facility (WOAH & FAO).
- Variable Speed PSP: THDCIL, Tehri (Uttarakhand).
- Delhi Plastic Road: BPCL + CRRI.
- Digital House Address Project: Indore.
- Reliance Jio: World’s largest FWA provider.
- SAKSHAM-3000: Switch-cum-router (C-DOT India).
- Kerala’s KITE: UNICEF-recognised Edtech model.
- TEMA India: Heavy water test facility (Mumbai).
- Apps: GoIStats (MoSPI), RailOne (railway services).
Transport & Engineering
- Maglev Train: Beijing–Shanghai (China).
- E10 Shinkansen: Bullet train (Mumbai–Ahmedabad, India–Japan).
People
- Jahnavi Dangeti: Astronaut candidate, Titan Space Industries (2029 mission).
Scientists and Discoveries
Physics & Laws
- Archimedes – Law of Buoyancy
- Galileo Galilei – Law of Inertia, Telescope, early thermometer
- Isaac Newton – Gravitation, Laws of Motion
- Michael Faraday – Electromagnetic induction
- Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – Electromagnetic waves
- James Clerk Maxwell – Electromagnetic theory
- C.V. Raman – Raman Effect
Atomic / Nuclear Discoveries
- Roentgen – X-rays
- J.J. Thomson – Electron
- Goldstein – Proton
- Chadwick – Neutron
- Rutherford – Nuclear model
- Enrico Fermi – Nuclear fission
- Homi Jehangir Bhabha – Cosmic radiation
Astronomy & Space Science
- S. Chandrasekhar – Chandrasekhar Limit
- Meghnad Saha – Thermal ionization
- Albert Einstein – Relativity, Photoelectric Effect
- Niels Bohr – Quantum theory of atom
- Heisenberg – Uncertainty principle
- Satyendra Nath Bose – Quantum statistics
Radio & Chemistry
- J.C. Bose – Short radio waves
- Madame Curie – Radioactivity
Miscellaneous
- James Puckle – Machine gun
Scientists and Inventions
Engineering & Machines
- Solls – Typewriter
- James Watt – Steam engine
- Daimler – Gas engine
- Colt – Revolver
- Johann Gutenberg – Printing press
- Humphry Davy – Safety lamp
Communication & Media
- J.L. Baird – Television
- Marconi – Radio
- Edison – Electric bulb
- Graham Bell – Telephone
- Waterman – Fountain pen
Science & Medicine
- Alfred Nobel – Dynamite
- Michael Faraday – Dynamo
- Alexander Fleming – Penicillin
- Edward Jenner – Smallpox vaccine
- Charles Darwin – Evolution
- J.B.S. Haldane – Modern Theory of Relativity
Modern Devices
- Theodore Maiman – Laser
- Robert Watson – Radar
Nobel Work
- Madame Curie – Radium
- S. Chandrasekhar – Black Hole
Notable Indian Scientists & Contributions
- Homi Jehangir Bhabha – Father of Nuclear Energy.
- Jagdish Chandra Bose – Physics & Life Sciences.
- C.V. Raman – Nobel 1930 for Raman Effect.
- Har Gobind Khorana – Nobel 1968 for protein synthesis.
- S. Chandrasekhar – Nobel 1983 for stellar physics.
- Raja Ramanna – Nuclear bomb development in India.
National Science Observances
- 28 February – National Science Day.
International Scientists & Achievements
- Albert Einstein – Also a violinist & pianist.
- Valentina Tereshkova – First woman astronaut.
Nuclear & Space Facts
- 9 Aug 1945: Fat Man on Nagasaki (Plutonium).
- Little Boy: Hiroshima (Uranium).
- NPT nuclear states: China, France, Russia, Britain, USA.
- Neutron Stars – Very high density stars.
- Comet’s tail – Always points away from sun.
Important Scientific Terms
- Higgs Boson – God Particle.
- Nanotechnology – Term by Norio Taniguchi (1974).
- Hydrocarbon Vision 2025 – Petroleum.
- Horology – Time measurement.
Indian Research Institutions
- National Physical Laboratory – New Delhi.
- National Chemical Laboratory – Pune.
- TIFR – Mumbai.
- Antarctica Centres: Dakshin Gangotri, Maitri, Bharati.
Scientific Instruments & Principles
- Tape recorders – Electromagnetic principle.
- Quartz clocks – Piezoelectric effect.
- Quartz watches – Energy from hand movement.
- Radiator – Cools vehicle engines.
Scientific Acronyms
- LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
- GIF – Graphical Interchange Format
- GPS – Global Positioning System
- ATM – Automated Teller Machine
Elements & States of Matter
- At room temperature (25°C) – only Bromine and Mercury are liquid.