Economic Survey of Bihar

1. BIHAR ECONOMY: AN OVERVIEW

● Presented on 28 Feb 2025 by Finance Minister Samrat Choudhry.
● It was Bihar’s 19th Economic Survey.
● Bihar ranks 2nd among fastest growing states in India. (First - Tamil Nadu)
● GSDP (2023-24) - Current - Rs 8.54 lakh cr
→ Constant - Rs 4.64 lakh cr
● NSDP - Current - Rs 7.71 lakh cr
→ Constant - Rs 4.11 lakh cr
● GSDP growth - increased 3.5x from 2011-12 to 2023-24
● Annual GSDP growth - Current - 14.5%
→ Constant - 9.2%
● Per Capita GSDP - Current - Rs 66.8 k
→ Constant - Rs 36.3k
● Gross Fixed Capital Formation - Rs 0.39 lakh cr (4.6%)

Prosperous and Impoverished Districts [In order]
● Per Capita GSDP - Most Prosperous - Patna > Begusarai > Munger
→ Most Impoverished - Sheohar
● Petrol Consumption - Patna, Lakhisarai
● Diesel Consumption - Patna, Sheohar
● LPG Consumption - Patna, Araria

Share of the different sectors in the GSVA
● Primary - 19.9%
● Secondary - 21.5%
● Tertiary - 58.6%

Workforce participation
● Primary - 54.2%
● Secondary - 11.3%
● Tertiary - 22.2%

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2. STATE FINANCES
● Total Expenditure: ₹2.52 lakh crore
→ Revenue Expenditure: ₹1.91 lakh crore
→ Capital Expenditure: ₹0.62 lakh crore
● Revenue Receipts: ₹1.93 lakh crore
● Capital Receipts: ₹0.60 lakh crore
● Revenue Deficit: -0.3% of GSDP (₹2,833 crore surplus)
● Gross Fiscal Deficit: 4.2% of GSDP
● Primary Deficit: 2.1% of GSDP

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3. AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS
● 75% population of Bihar depends on agriculture for livelihood.
● Agriculture, forestry & fishing contribute about 20% of Bihar’s GSVA.
● In 2023-24, rice production rose by 21%, wheat by 10.7%, and maize by 66.6% (since 2020-21).
● Bihar produced 85% of India’s total Makhana.
● Between 2018-19 & 2022-23, milk production rose by 27.3%, eggs by 85.7%, and fish by 45% (till 2023-24).
● Under Samagra Gavya Vikas Yojana, 5,873 units of high-breed cattle were set up.
● Fisheries schemes include: Mukhyamantri Chaur Vikas, Talab Matsyaki Vikas, and Plateau Pond Scheme.
● KCC loan disbursal rose from ₹3204 crore (2019-20) to ₹7080 crore (2023-24).
● In Jaivik Corridor Phase 2, 20,000 acres were given to new organic farmers.
● Climate Resilient Agriculture Programme is running in 30 districts.

Sub-Sector Growth Rate
● Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing - 5.4%
● Crops - 4.7%
● Livestock - 7.6%
● Forestry and logging - 3.9%
● Fishing and Aquaculture - 3.2%

GSVA Share
● Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing - 19.5%
● Crops - 9.9%
● Livestock - 6.3%
● Forestry and logging - 1.5%
● Fishing and Aquaculture - 1.8%

Land Use Pattern in Bihar
● 54.6% of Bihar’s land was under crops in 2022–23.
● Buxar & Bhojpur had >80% land under cultivation.
● Cropping intensity highest in Supaul (1.82), then Jehanabad (1.75).
● Net sown area: 51.13 lakh ha; Gross sown: 72.68 lakh ha.
● State’s cropping intensity: 1.42.

Cropping Pattern (2023–24)
● Cereals dominate cropping.
● Cereal area rose by 7.1% compared to 2022–23.
● Rice (Kharif) and Wheat (Rabi) are the main crops.
● Jute is the main fibre crop, with 24.6% rise in production over 2022–23.
→ Highest production: Purnea
→ Highest yield: Kishanganj

Top Fruit Area
● Mango - 44.3% of fruit area
● Banana - 2nd largest area

Tea
● Center of Excellence for Tea to be set up in Kishanganj

Betel Leaf
● Support in 6 districts: Nalanda, Nawada, Gaya, Aurangabad, Sheikhpura, Vaishali
● Model Horticulture Centre (Betel) in Bidupur, Vaishali

Beekeeping & Honey production
● Started under PARAG (Promoting Agriculture for Revolutionizing Agricultural Growth) Scheme
→ 75% subsidy (90% for SC/ST)

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District-wise Top Production

Vegetable Production
● ↑ 0.5% from last year
● Top Vegetable: Potato – 39.6% area
● Vegetable Dev. Scheme: 23 districts

Govt Support & Schemes
Irrigation Support
● 80% subsidy on drip & sprinkler systems for small/marginal farmers under PMKSY

Centers of Excellence
● Chandi (Nalanda) – Vegetables
● Desari (Vaishali) – Fruits

Fertilizer Use in Bihar
● Urea: Forms 2/3rd of total fertilizer use
● NPK: Highest usage in Purnea

Irrigation in Bihar
● Groundwater - main source
● Wells: Used for 64.1% of gross irrigated area

Dairy Farming
● Samagra Gavya Vikas Yojana: 75% subsidy for EBC/SC/ST, 50% for others
● Desi Gaupalan Protsahan Yojana: for indigenous cow units with similar subsidy pattern

New Schemes – Water Resources Department
● Eastern Gandak Canal System: Canal from Valmikinagar Barrage to be completed by 2025-26
● Ganga Water Supply Scheme (Phase I): Water supplied to Rajgir & Nawada in 2023
● Ganga Water Supply Scheme (Phase II): Madhuvan reservoir to be completed by Aug 2025
● Nikrish Pump Canal Scheme: Launched on Karmanasha River to resolve water shortage; Chausa Block, Buxar

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4. ENTERPRISES SECTOR

● Secondary sector GSDP growth (2023-24): 9.2%
● Construction share in secondary sector GSDP (2022-23): 50.2%
● Construction growth (2021-22 to 2022-23): 22%
● Manufacturing share in secondary sector GSDP: 37%
● Bihar’s contribution to India’s GVA (2022-23): 0.5%
● Bihar’s contribution to national GVA from rural market establishments: 8.8% (2nd highest)

Major Industries in Bihar

1. Sugar Industry
● Mills: 9
● Recent initiatives:
→ Reopened Riga Sugar Mill
→ Jaggery Promotion Scheme – (50% subsidy)
→ Sugarcane Mechanization Scheme – To cut costs & boost production

2. Dairy Industry (COMFED)
● Established: 1983
● Growth: 38.7% increase over previous year

3. Textile Industry
● 14 districts known for handloom
● Produces 3 types of silk: Mulberry, Tasar, Castor/Eri
● Power subsidy – ₹33.34 crore (2023–24)
● Working capital support – ₹10,000 per handloom unit

BIADA Clusters (9 Industrial Zones)
● Bhagalpur, Saharsa, Purnia, Gaya, Begusarai, Patna, Darbhanga, Hajipur, Muzaffarpur, Bihta, Motipur

Udyog Mitra
● Helped 2,153 entrepreneurs with project setup advice

Startup Bihar
● YUVA Model:
→ Yes to startups
→ Unlock rules to support them
→ Vibrant education system
→ Access to money and help
● Gave support of ₹15 lakh to selected startups (post-seed fund)
● 46 startup help centres opened in 38 districts
● Started 2-year PGDM course at CIMP
● Created ₹150 crore fund with SIDBI
● Events: Bihar Innovation Challenge, Startup Awards, Bihar Connect
● Ranking improved to “Aspiring Leader” (DPIIT)
● Partnered with BIRAC Global Bio-India 2024
● 7 big industrialists chosen to guide startups

Tourism Development Projects
● Budget hotel at Janki Vihar, Sitamarhi
● Service plaza building, Supaul
● Tourism Corporation office, Patna

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5. LABOUR EMPLOYMENT AND SKILL

Labour Force Participation Rate
● Overall - 55%
→ Male - 78.5%, Female - 32%
● Rural - 56%
→ Male - 79.2%, Female - 33.5%
● Urban - 46.3%
→ Male - 71.9%, Female - 18%

Unemployment Rate in Bihar
● Overall - 3%
→ Male - 3.6%, Female - 1.4%
● Rural - 2.6%
→ Male - 3.3%, Female - 0.9%
● Urban - 7.3%
→ Male - 6.9%, Female - 9.1%

Sector-wise Employment
● Top sector: Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
→ Male workers: 42.7%, Female workers: 82.1%
● Informal Sector Jobs:
→ Male: 90.8%, Female: 78.8%
● Self-Employment:
→ Male: 61.2%, Female: 83.7%
● Casual wages (Rural):
→ Male: ₹420/day, Female: ₹339/day
● Casual wages (Urban):
→ Male: ₹449/day, Female: ₹369/day

Skill Development Schemes
● Kushal Yuva Programme – 240 hrs training (15–28 yrs); SKOCH winner
● Recruit-Train-Deploy – Industry training (15–45 yrs); SKOCH winner
● Domain Skilling – Job-specific training
● Recognition of Prior Learning – for existing skills (18–59 yrs)
● SANKALP – World Bank funded training
● Bihar won 13 medals in 2023 World Skills Competition (4 gold)
● Mega Skill Centre to be set up in Patna

Passport Issuance
● Highest growth in applications: Banka (70%)
● Lowest issued: Banka, Highest: Siwan

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6. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Transport & Communication Sector (2011–24)
● Bihar recorded 3rd highest growth (7.6%) after UP (10.1%) & Karnataka (7.7%)
● Sector's GSVA share rose from 7.3% to 10.2%

Road Infrastructure
● Bihar ranks 8th in India for road network (2019)
● Four expressways in progress:
→ Varanasi–Ranchi–Kolkata
→ Gorakhpur–Siliguri
→ Patna–Purnea
→ Raxaul–Haldia
● Ranks 5th in transport vehicle registration & 7th in non-transport

New schemes (2024):
● Mukhya Mantri Vahan Chalak Kalyan Yojana
● Mukhya Mantri Prakhand Parivahan Yojana (MMPPY)

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7. E-GOVERNANCE

● ERSS (Emergency Response Support System - 112): 68,000 daily calls; 15-minute emergency response
● E-Shikshakosh: Real-time school monitoring
● BHAVYA App: Hospital OPD/IPD workflow management

Basic ICT Infrastructure (March 2024):
● Teledensity: 55.59%
● Internet Density: 42.1%
● Panchayats Onboarded: 100%

Key IT Initiatives:
● BSDC 2.0: Secure digital services
● BSWAN 2.0: Voice, video, data connectivity
● Secretariat Local Area Network: Internal govt. communication
● BAAF: Aadhaar-based transaction support
● MSDG: Mobile service via push SMS
● NIELIT Centres: 5000+ youth trained yearly in 3 districts

Law & Order E-Governance:
● CCTNS: Real-time crime database
● Chakra: AI-based criminal tracking
● TISCO: Smart CCTV traffic monitoring in 9 cities
● e-Courts: Digitized court operations
● ICJS: FIR/chargesheet metadata access
● e-Prisons: Digital prisoner management in 59 jails
● FASTER: Instant court orders to jails
● e-Sakshya: Video evidence capture
● e-Panchayat: Digital fund management

AGRICULTURE & ALLIED SECTORS:
● Single Window for farmer services
● BIHAN App: Monitors crops, pests, prices
● DBT: ₹176.33 cr in subsidies (2024–25)
● Harit Yojana: App-based farm equipment access

EMERGENCY E-SERVICES:
● Disaster Portal: Real-time relief
● DSS: Smart disaster response tool
● Birpur Centre: Flood R&D
● Forecasting Centre: Flood prediction up to 120 hrs

GREEN INITIATIVES:
● FMIS: Digital forest management
● VanMitra/VanApp: Nursery & plantation tracking
● BRMS: Mobile bird tracking
● Wood Portal: Online wood unit registration

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8. POWER SECTOR

● 100% household electrification in 2018
→ Now: 2.12 crore consumers
● Peak demand (2024): 8005 MW
→ Urban: 24 hrs, Rural: ~22 hrs
● Per capita consumption: 363 kWh (↑ 229 kWh in 12 yrs)

Consumption Pattern
● Consumers ↑ 7× since 2012 (38 lakh)
● Domestic users: 88.5% of total; 41% of power
● Agriculture users: ↑ 289% (2018–24); use 13%
● Non-domestic (incl. industry): use 46%

GENERATION PLAN (2024–25)
● Total capacity: 12,058 MW
→ Thermal: 66.6%, Renewable: 33.4%

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
● Solar Mission: 1 GW target; 50 MW via Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali
● BREDA: Nodal agency

Central Schemes:
● DDUGJY, IPDS, Saubhagya, One Nation One Tariff, PM Surya Ghar Yojana

State Schemes:
● Smart Prepaid Metering
● Mukhyamantri Krishi Vidyut Sambandh Yojana

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9. RURAL DEVELOPMENT

● Rural dev. expenditure: 10.35% (2023–24 RE), 9.72% (2024–25 BE) of state spend
● JEEVIKA: 10.63 lakh SHGs, 71.1k VOs empowering women
● Didi ki Rasoi: Community kitchens by SHG women
● 100 SHG-run grocery stores with market tie-ups

MGNREGS
● Guarantees 100 days of wage employment
● Top Job Card Districts: East Champaran, Samastipur
● Highest SC Participation: Gaya, Aurangabad, Supaul
● High Work Demand: Jehanabad, Sheohar, Saharsa
● 100 Days Work Achieved: Sheohar, Saharsa
● Most Employment Days: Gaya, East Champaran
● Women's Participation: >50% in most districts

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10. URBAN DEVELOPMENT

● Urbanization rate: 11.3% (vs India avg. 31.2%)
● Urban budget ↑ 227.3%
● Patna saw highest urban population growth

Clean Survey 2023
● Patna: 1st in Bihar (>1 lakh), Water+, ODF, 1-Star Garbage-Free, 77th nationally
● Supaul: Best (<1 lakh), 1-Star rating
● ODF Status: 85 bodies ODF, 56 re-certified, Patna only with Water+

Metro Rail
● Patna Metro: 2 corridors (17.93 km + 14.57 km), ₹3402 Cr (₹380 Cr in 2024–25)
● New Proposals: Approved for Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, Darbhanga

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11. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

● Mobile Banking Users: ↑239.3%
● Internet Banking Users: ↑168.9%
● Credit-Deposit Ratio (CD): 52.8
→ Highest: Purnea, Lowest: Munger

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12. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

● Social Services Expenditure: ↑13×
→ Health: ↑13×, Education: ↑10×
● Bihar’s population to rise by 493 lakh (2011–2041) → 47.3% growth

TFR (Total Fertility Rate)
→ 2015: India 3.7, Bihar 4.2
→ 2020: India 3.1, Bihar 3.8

Age Composition (2011–2041)
● 0–19 yrs: ↓ 49.4% → 30.1%
● 60+ yrs: ↑ 7.4% → 11.6%
● Working age (20–59 yrs): ↑ 43.2% → 58.3%
● Demographic dividend peak: around 2041

Health
● Life Expectancy: 69.5 yrs (Male: 69.7, Female: 69.2)
● Crude Birth Rate: 25.5
● Infant Mortality Rate: 27
● Child Mortality Rate: 6.9
● Institutional deliveries: 86.7% (2021–22)
● Goal: IMR ↓ to 25 per 1,000 by 2030 (SDG)

Education and Youth
● Literacy Rate: 1961: 22% → 2011: 61.8%
→ Male: 35.2% → 71.2%, Female: ↑ 6×
● Gender gap ↓ 27% → 20.1% (21 districts above average)

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13. CHILD DEVELOPMENT

● 0–18 yrs: 48% of population
● Bihar: 11% of India’s child population
● Child budgeting started in 2013–14
● 18% of budget on child development
● Per capita spending on children: ₹9131 (2022–23)
● Expenditure growth: ↑19.4% annually (2016–2024)
● Child expenditure ≈ 5% of GSDP

Child Health (NFHS-4 vs NFHS-5)
● Stunting: 42.9% (↓ 5.4%)
● Underweight: 41.0% (↓ 2.9%)
● Wasting: 22.9% (↑ 2.1%)
● Anaemia (6–59 months): 69.4% (↑ from 63.5%)

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14. ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

● Forestry sector grew 3× (2011–24)
● Avg. temp: ↑ 21.2°C (2017) → 24.7°C (2023)
● Forest cover: ↑ 687 sq km (2011–23)
● 35 air & 34 Ganga water monitoring stations

Rainfall (2011–24):
→ Avg: 1004.6 mm
→ Highest: Kishanganj, Lowest: Kaimur

Carbon Stock (2023)
● Total: 58,451 thousand tonnes
→ ↑ 1,570 thousand tonnes since 2021
→ Soil Organic Carbon: 63%, Above Ground Biomass: 26%

Forest Fires (2023–24):
● 771 incidents (mostly in Valmiki Tiger Reserve, West Champaran)