DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER

• Mark I (1937–44): One of the earliest electromechanical computers, developed by IBM and Harvard.
• IBM 701 (1952): IBM’s first commercial scientific computer.
• IBM 650 (1953): Widely used computer in the mid-1950s for scientific and business purposes.
• UNIVAC (1951): First commercial computer delivered in the U.S.

COMPUTER LANGUAGES

Machine language

is indeed a low-level language as it directly communicates with hardware.

FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

is a high-level programming language used in scientific computing.

C-Language

is a middle-level language — it supports low-level operations (like memory management) but also has features of high-level languages.

SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) iis a high-level declarative language used for managing databases, not a low-level language.

ICT

ICT is technology that supports activities involving information. Such activities include:

• Gathering
• Processing
• Storing
• Presenting of data

Since, these activities also involve collaboration and communication. Hence IT has become ICT: information and communication technology.

ICT Hardware

CPU

Central Processing Unit. This is the "brain" of the computer, responsible for carrying out instructions and performing calculations.

RAM

Random Access Memory. This is the short-term memory of the computer, where data is stored temporarily while the computer is running.

Hard Drive

The main storage device of the computer, where all your files and programs are stored long-term.

Motherboard

The main circuit board of the computer, which connects all the other components.

BIOS

The full form of BIOS is Basic Input Output System. • Its function is to perform hardware initialization during on/off, and to provide runtime services for operating system. • It is inbuilt in computer and is the first program to run when computer in started.

Warm Boot

A warm boot refers to the process of restarting a computer system without completely shutting down the power. It involves restarting the operating system and reloading all the necessary software components, but it does not involve turning off the computer or interrupting the power supply.

Cold Boot

A cold boot involves starting the computer from a completely powered-off state.

ICT Software

Operating System (OS)

This is the software that manages the computer's resources and provides a user interface for interaction with the hardware. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Application (App)

A program or software designed to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, image editing, or gaming.

Browser

A software application used to access and view websites on the internet. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.

Firewall

A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

ICT Networking

LAN

Local Area Network. This is a network of computers and devices that are connected within a limited area, such as an office or a home. Home WiFi networks and small business networks are common examples of LANs.

WAN

Wide Area Network. This is a network that spans a large geographical area, such as a city or even multiple cities. A bank, including its branch offices and ATM machines, is an example of a WAN.

MODEM stands for Modulator-Demodulator. Modulation is performed to extend the frequency of the signal for propagation for production purposes, whereas demodulation is performed for receiving purposes to bring down the signal to its original level.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)**

A common language used to send email. It's a universal set of rules that allow servers and email clients to communicate via the internet.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

NETWORK ADDRESS

IPv4 address

(the most commonly used version) is composed of a 32-bit integer, typically represented in dotted decimal format like 192.168.1.1.

• It is divided into 4 octets (8 bits each), making a total of 32 bits.
• This allows for a total of 2³² = 4,294,967,296 possible unique addresses.
• However, due to reserved and private address ranges, the number of usable public IPv4 addresses is smaller.

IPv6 Address

in contrast, uses 128-bit addresses —

• This gives an address space of 2¹²⁸ (approximately 3.4 × 10³⁸) possible unique addresses.
• IPv6 addresses are written in hexadecimal, separated by colons, e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
• IPv6 eliminates the need for NAT (Network Address Translation) due to its vast address space and includes features like built-in IPsec support and simplified routing.

ARPANET

ARPANET stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. It was developed by ARPA (now DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense and is considered the precursor to the modern internet. It was the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite and allowed multiple computers to communicate over a single network

Topology

Topology in networks is the structure or pattern in which each and every node in the network is connected. There are many topologies in networking like bus, tree, ring, star, mesh, and hybrid topology. There is no particular best topology and a suitable topology can be chosen based on the kind of application of the network

Network topology

Topology is derived from two Greek words topo and logy, where topo means 'place' and logy means 'study'.

In computer networks, a topology is used to explain how a network is physically connected and the logical flow of information in the network. A topology mainly describes how devices are connected and interact with each other using communication links.

1. Bus Topology

Bus topology is the simplest kind of topology in which a commo 1 bus or channel is used for communication in the network. The bus is connected to various taps and droplines. A common example of bus topology is the Ethernet LAN a laboratory or office.

2. RING Topology

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device. Token Ring networks are technologies developed by IBM typically used in local area networks Some common examples include industrial control systems, where devices are interconnected in a ring to nianiter sind control processes.

3. STAR Topology

In this type of topology, all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node. Institutes, airports, hospitals, and banks. A home Wi-Fi network is a familiar star topology where phones, tablets, and printers all connect to a central hub (the wireless access point).

4. MESH Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to each other. Mesh has $$n(n-1)/2$$ physical channels to link n devices. home automation, smart HVAC control, and smart buildings. A good example of mesh topology in lot can be seen in smart home systems, where devices like thermostats, security systems, smart appliances, and lighting systems all connect to create a network

5. TREE Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy printers.and.computers in a home or small offin a home or small business, tree topology is frequently used to link numerous devices, including PCs and printers

6. HYBRID Topology

It's two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example, if in an office in one department Ring topology is used and in another Star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).

ICT File System

Directory: Also known as a folder, a directory is a container for files and other directories. Create a folder on your drive called "school_essays", and another called "scanned_photos" and perhaps another called "215_homework".

File: A file is a collection of data that is stored on a storage device.

ICT Internet & Web

Website Website is a collection of related web pages that may contain text, images, audio, and video, etc. The first page of a website is called a home.

The first website was introduced on 6 August 1991. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN. As of January 2018, there were around 1.7 billion websites on the internet.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research, abbreviated as CERN (from the French 'Conseil européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire' or European Council for Nuclear Research, as its predecessor was called), is the world's largest particle physics laboratory, situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva

Types of Websites based on their purpose, target audience etc.

1. Blog: It is a type of website that provides information or in which posts are added regularly in reverse chronological order, latest post or entries on top of the main page, and old ones towards the bottom. A blog is usually owned by a single person or a small group of people.
2. E-commerce: These types of websites are like online shops where people can buy products through online payment from the comfort of their home, office, etc.
3. Informational: These websites are created to provide free online information to users, e.g., tutorials, news, general knowledge-based sites
4. Online Community: These sites offer platfox to interact and share ideas with others through the internet. You can find people with similar interests and backgrounds and interact with them to fulfil your objectives that may include promoting a product or service, taking feedback about your products, or asking questions related to a survey.
5. Social Media: These sites are created to provide users a platform where they can build their personal profiles with a lot of features such as creating a friend list, sending and accepting friend requests, sending messages, creating and joining groups, and share information with others users, comment on others' post, pictures, videos, etc.

URL: Uniform Resource Locator. This is the address of a website, which you enter into a web browser to access the site.

HTTP/HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure. These are the protocols used to transfer data over the internet. HTTPS is the more secure version, which encrypts data to prevent unauthorized access.

DNS: Domain Name System. This is a system that translates domain names (such as google.com) into IP addresses, which are used to identify devices on a network.

HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. This is the standard language used to create web pages.

World Wide Web is a method of information exchange between computers connected to the Internet, connecting them into a massive database of interactive multimedia resources. Hence, it is a collection of linked data that is stored on computers and accessible over the internet.

A technology that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.

Domain Names

1. .org - Organisation
2. .net - Network
3. .com - Commercial
4. .edu - Education
5. .gov - Government
6. .mil - Military

Email

Email Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real-time mean of distributing information among people.

E-Mail Address Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as an E-mail address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address. E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname. The username and the domain name are separated by @ (at) symbol. E-mail addresses are not case sensitive. Spaces are not allowed in the e-mail address.

→ From: The From field indicates the sender's address i.e. who sent the e-mail. → Date: The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent. → To: The To field indicates the recipient's address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent. Subject: → The Subject field indicates the purpose of the e-mail. It should be precise and to the point. → CC: CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to keep informed but not exactly the intended recipient.

Data Storage Units

BYTE: Byte is known as the data storage unit.

KB: Stands for kilobyte and is equivalent to 1024 bytes.

MB: Stands for megabyte, which is 1 million bytes.

GB: Stands for Gigabyte, which is 1000 megabytes.

NUMBER SYSTEM

Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the computer system architecture, every value that you are saving or getting into/from computer memory has a defined number system. Computer architecture supports the following number systems.

1. Binary number system
2. Octal number system
3. Decimal number system
4. Hexadecimal (hex) number system

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number (value) represents 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of the binary number system is 2 because it has only two digits.

OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

The octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of the octal number system is 8 because it has only 8 digits.

DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

The decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of the decimal number system is 10 because it has only 10 digits.

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number system. The base of the hexadecimal number system is 16 because it has 16 alphanumeric values.

Number System Conversion Methods

Simple Tricks • Decimal to Other Bases- Use division Remainder Method • Other Bases to Decimal- Use multiplication method

Nibble

A half byte is known is Nibble.A group of four bits, or half a byte, is sometimes called a nibble or nybble. This unit is most often used in the context of hexadecimal number representations, since a nibble has the same amount of information as one hexadecimal digit.

Computer Memory

-## The computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to process raw data and produce output.

Cells

• The computer memory is divided into a large number of small parts known as cells.

Types of Computer Memory

1. Volatile (RAM) and
2. Non-volatile (ROM) Volatile & non-volatile memory Memory inside a computer falls into one of two categories:

Volatile Memory

• This type of memory losses of its data when the power source is turned off. It is called Random Access Memory (RAM). e.g- RAM, Caché, Registers

Non-volatile Memory

• This type of memory will retain all the data when it loses its power source. e.g:- Solid state drives(SSD), Hard disk drives(HDD) Read only memory USB sticks .

The Secondary Memory (hard disk)

it is considered as storage, not memory we categorize memory on behalf of space or location, it is of four types:

1. Register memory
2. Cache memory
3. Primary memory
4. Secondary memory

1. Register Memory

• Register memory is the smallest and fastest memory in a computer. It is not a part of the main memory and is located in the CPU in the form of registers, which are the smallest data holding elements. also called buffered memory A register temporarily holds frequently used data, instructions, and memory address that are to be used by the CPU.

Types and Functions of Computer Registers

1.1 Data Register

• used for holding information (either program words or data words) that is in the process of being transferred from the memory to the central processor, or vice versa.

1.2 Program Counter (PC)

• also known as the instruction pointer or simply PC, is a fundamental component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It is a special register that keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be executed in a program.

1.3 Instructor Register:

• used to store the instruction word. When the CPU fetches an instruction from memory, it is temporarily stored in the IR. The instruction is a binary word or code that defines a specific operation to be performed, The instruction word is also called the op code or operation code.

Accumulator Register

• a register, or a memory location used to store the intermediate results of arithmetic and logical operations. It plays a crucial role in performing calculations and processing data in various applications Address Register: It is a register that stores the address of a memory location where instructions or data is stored in the memory.

Cache Memory

• is a high-speed memory, which is small in size but faster than the main Memory (RAM). The CPU can access it more quickly than the primary memory, So, it is used to synchronize with a high-speed CPLL andre Improve its performance Cache memory can only be accessed by the CPU. It can be a reserved part of the main memory or a storage device outside the CPU.

Pen drive:

Compact Disk (CD):

• CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. It is an optical disk format used to store data that cannot be modified or overwritten (read-only). CD-ROMs are commonly used for distributing software, audio, video, and reference data where the contents are fixed and not intended to be altered.
• CD-ROM is a type of optical disk that contains data which can only be read, not written to or erased. It is commonly used for distributing software, games, multimedia, and reference data.

Memory Capacity Conversion Chart

ICT Role in Higher Education and Administration

It processes more efficient and the delivery of government services more effective. It also can improve citizen participation in governance.

E-Governance in India has steadily evolved from the computerization of Government Departments to initiatives that promote citizen centricity, service orientation and transparency.

The concepts in e-governance include, .

Management Information System (MIS)

• it refers to the processing of information through computers and other intelligent devices to manage and support managerial decisions within an organization.

Decision Support System (DSS)

• it is for development, planning and responsive administration in governments which led to the genesis of present-day "e-Government" concept • Bridging the Digital Divide • Social and Financial Inclusion through ICT • Reaching-the-Unreached

Government Schemes

Digital India

-Transform through the use of information technology, the launched the Digital India programme with the vision to transform Indi a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. ICTs can positivelycontribute to the growth of the economy, employment and productivity. July 2015

The Digital India programme is centred on three key vision areas: • Digital Infrastructure • Governance & Services • Digital Empowerment of Citizens

Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) platform:- 25 March 2015 Is a multi-purpose and multi-modal platform

• The platform is aimed at addressing the common man's grievances and simultaneously monitoring and reviewing important programmes and projects of the Government of India as well as projects flagged by State Governments.

• The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles the three latest technologies: Digital data management, video-conferencing and geospatial technology

• Prime Minister will hold a monthly programme where he will interact with the Government of India Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries through Video-conferencing enabled by data and geo-informatics visuals.

National Informatics Centre (NIC): -1976 Has emerged as a "prime builder" of e-Government / e-Governance applications up to the grassroots level. The activities are • Setting up of ICT Infrastructure • Implementation of National and State Level e-Governance Projects • Products and Services • Consultancy to the government departments • Research and Development

The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) NeGP was approved in 2006 to take a holistic view of e-governance initiatives across the country, integrating them into a collective vision. As result, • massive countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is being developed • large-scale digitization of records is taking place

NeGP comprises 31 mission mode projects (MMPs), which are further classified as a state, central or integrated projects. Each state government can also define five MMPs specific to its individual needs.

• Most of these projects have been made operational and have started providing services.. • However e-governance as a whole has not been able to make the desired impact. • The availability of electronic government services to citizens was still low • Lack of needs analysis, business process re-engineering, interoperability across MMPs, and coping with new technology trends (such as mobile interfaces, cloud computing) were some of the limitations • This has led to the adoption of a new plan e-Kranti or NeGP 2.0

e-Kranti/NeGP 2.0 e-Kranti was approvec in 2015 with the vision of "Transforming e- Governance for Transforming Governance", e-Kranti is an important pillar of the Digital India programme. The approach and methodology of e-Kranti are fully aligned with the Digital India programme.

There are 44 Mission Morie Projects under the e-Kranti programme. • A mission mode project (MMP) is an individual project within the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) that focuses on one aspect of electronic governance, such as banking, land records or commercial taxes etc. • The projects have clearly defined objectives, scopes, and implementation timelines and milestones, as well as measurable outcomes and service levels.

National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEI): it is a mission by the seven Indian Institutes of Technology (Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Madras, Guwahati and Roorkee) and IISc in 2003. funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) Government of India

The main goal was to create web and video courses in all major branches of engineering and physical sciences at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and management courses at the postgraduate level.

National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) Feb-3 2009-mhrd It is a centrally sponsored scheme which was launched to realise the potential of ICT in research. The three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz., access, equity and quality could be served well by providing connectivity to all colleges and universities.

Providing low cost and affordable access-cum-computing devices to students and teachers and providing high q quality e-søntent free of cost to all learners in the country. The Mission has two major components: Providing connectivity, along with provision for access devices, to institutions and learners; Content generation.

Sevottam 2006 Sevottam is an assessment-improvement model that has been developed with the objective of improving the quality of public service delivery in the country. The word "Sevottam" is a combination of two Hindi words: Seva (Service) and Uttam (Excellent). It means "Service Excellence", emphasizing the idea of "Service". It symbolizes the change in mindset within the Government, from administration and control to service and enablement.

Massive open online course (MOOC) What is a massive open online course (MOOC)? A massive open online course (MOOC) is a typically free web-based distance learning program that's designed for large numbers of geographically dispersed students.

SWAYAM: (Study Webs of Active-Learr ing for Young Aspiring Minds) 2016 The SWAYAM initiative was launched by the then Ministry of Human Resource Development (M.H.R.D.) (now Ministry of Education) It is a programme initiated by the Government of India and designed to achieve the three aims of the Education Policy that are, access, equity and quality. The objective of this effort is to take the best available teaching-learning resources to all, including the most disadvantaged

SWAYAM seeks to bridge the digital divide for the students who are untouched by the digital revolutiok There are four important parts of Swayam namely video lectures specially prepared reading material that can be downloaded/printed, self-assessment tests through tests and questionnaires and finally an online discussion forum for clearing the doubts of the students.

Swayam Prabha July 9, 2017-by the Ministry of Human Resource Development SWAYAM Prabha is an initiative of the Ministry of Education to provide 32 High Quality Educational Channels through DTH (Direct to Home) across the length and breadth of the country on 24X7 basis.

Scope of the channels The SWAYAM PRABHA has new content everyday for at least (4) hours which would be repeated 5 more times in a day, allowing the students to choose the time of their convenience. The contents are provided by NPTEL, IITS, UGC, IGNOU, NCERT and. The INFLIBNET Centre maintains the web portal.

Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre, Gandhinagar is an Autonomous Inter-University Centre (IUC) of University Grants Commission, New Delhi (Ministry of Education, Govt. of India).

The DTH Channels covers the following: Higher Education: Curriculum-based course contents at post-graduate and under-graduate level covering diverse disciplines such as aits, scierice, cortimerce, performing arts, sorial sciences and humanities, engineering, technology, law, medicine, agricukure, etc. All courses would be certification-ready in their detailed offering through SWAYAM, the platform being developed for offering MOOCs courses.

School education (9-12 levels): modules for teacher's training as well as teaching and learning aids for children of India to help them understand the subjects better and also help them in preparing for competitive examinations for admissions to professional degree programmes.

Assist students (class 11th & 12th) prepare for competitive exams.

COMPUTER VIRUS

a type of malicious software, or malware, that spreads between computers and causes damage to data and software.

Computer viruses aim to disrupt systems, cause major operational issues, and result in data loss and leakage.

Types of Computer Viruses There are several types of computer viruses that can infect devices. This section will cover computer virus protections and how to get rid of computer viruses.

Resident Virus A type of malware that hides and stores itself within the computer's memory. Depending on the virus' programming, it can then infect any file run by the computer.

This type of virus even attach itself to anti-virus applications, thereby allowing it to infect any file scanned by the program.

The resident virus was created in 1986 by Amind Farooq Alvi and Basit Farooq Alvi in Lahore, Pakistar. It is a very harmful virus which saves itself in the memory of the computer.

Multipartite Virus A multipartite virus uses multiple methods to infect and spread across computers.

It will typically remain in the computer's memory to infect the hard disk, then spread through and infect more drives by altering the content of applications.

Direct Action/Non-Resident Virus A direct action virus accesses a computer's main memory and infects all programs, files and folders located in the autoexec.bat path, bempre deleting itself. This virus typically alters the performance of a system but is capable of destroying all data on the computer's hard disk and any USB device attached to it his type of virus attaches itself to executable files, such as . COM for its operation.

Browser Hijacker A browser hijacker manually changes the settings of web browsers, such as replacing the homepage, editing the new tab page, and changing the default search engine. Technically, it is not a virus because it cannot infect files but can be hugely damaging to computer users, who often will not be able to restore their homepage or search engine.

Overwrite Virus Overwrite viruses are extremely dangerous. They can delete data and replace it with their own file content or code. Once files get infected, they cannot be replaced, and the virus can affect Windows, DOS, Linux, and Apple systems.

Worm Worm is A type of malware specifically designed to replicate itself and spread to other computers.

Trojan Horse Trojan Horse is & deceptive Software that pretends to be a legitimate program but actually carries out malicious activities.

Rootkit Rootkit term is used to describe a set of software tools that help attackers hide their presence on a compromised system.

Assembly Language Assembly Language programming language is often used to create viruses.

Attachments Attachments is a common method of virus transmission through email.

Zero-day vulnerability A zero-day vulnerability is an undiscovered flaw in an application or operating system, a gap in security for which there is no defense or patch because the software maker does not know it exists.

Denial-of-Service (DoS) A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users.

Sandboxing Sandboxing is a cybersecurity practice where you run code, observe and analyze and code in a safe, isolated environment on a network that mimics end-user operating environments.

AUDIO-VIDEO CONFERENCING

Audio conferencing:

• on the telephone by more than two persons may be treated as 'Audio Conferencing'. • While the conversation between two people is a point to point communication, by using conferencing facility a telephone network can be used for multipoint communication. • Such conference facilities can be used in distance teaching easily as they are simple to set up. • But as we connect to multiple people at once, the voice quality gets affected. Audio Bridge is used to solve this problem. • An Audio Bridge is a piece of hardware that allows multiple audio inputs to be mixed together and sent to multiple audio outputs.

Audio Graphic Conferencing

The picture data informatian be sent in advance for use at the time of audio conferencing or it can be sent over a telephone line itself. This mode of conferencing is called audio graphic conferencing • Graphic scanner, electronic whiteboard/ electronic tablets with appropriate software can be used to transmit graphics, sketches, etc. • Audio Graphic conferencing is also sometimes referred to as enhancing audio or audio plus. • Audio Graphic conferencing is advantageous than a mere audio conference as it also transmits visual information.

Video conferencing:

• Video conferencing also called video teleconferencing is set up using both audio and video equipment for transmission as well as the reception from separate locations.
• Unlike audio graphic conferencing, in video conferencing video cameras are used for transmitting moving pictures.
• Video conferencing is set up either between point to point through a telephone network and equipment's for compressing and decompressing the audio-video signals
• it can be a point to multipoint by using broadcasting equipment.

One-way Video- Conferencing:

The name indicates video is seen only one-way. For example, Students (participants) at multiple sites can see the teacher, but the teacher cannot see them except those physically present in the location (studio).

Two-way Video-Conferencing:

o and video signals are exchanged between the teaching studio and receiving centre. The two-way conference can be a point to point between multiple locations. The receiving centre can receive pictures and audio from other centres. All centres are e equipped to send and receive video and audio viz. cameras, microphones and monitors.

Audio-Video Conferencing Apps and Websites

1. Zoom App: It is one of the most popular video conferencing solutions for businesses. It is feature-rich, with various plans based on business size and needs
2. Google Meet Created for enterprise customers, Google Meet is an upgraded version of Google Hangouts. Google Meet is designed around scheduled video meetings among team members, with similar features to Zoom like calendar syncing, conference room booking, and a more polished user interface.
3. GoToMeeting: It has many useful features, including instant meetings or meeting scheduling meeting transcription services, and in-app meeting messaging between participants.
4. Skype: Microsoft's popular Skype service is augmented as an enterprise- ready video conferencing tool. It has several business features, such as allowing up to 250 attendees in a meeting and connection with other Skype users and virtual whiteboarding capabilities.